Knowledge

Vitamin C contributes to normal collagen formation for the normal function of skin. We look at the kiwifruit study and other research honestly, plus NHS intake advice, food sources and liposomal forms.

"The longest-lived people had high cholesterol levels." That line opens a clip shared by Metabolic Must Haves (@metabolic_must_haves), and it has started a lot of conversations. In the interview, the doctor calls it "one of the most consistent themes of longevity research". He then asks why we live in a world that "hates cholesterol". It's a bold claim, so we looked at the research behind it. In this guide, we cover what a major Swedish study found about people who reached 100, why cholesterol matters more as you age, and where the science is still debated. Video credit: Metabolic Must Haves (@metabolic_must_haves). Shared with credit. The views in the video are those of the speakers. What the Swedish centenarian study found The "Sweden study" mentioned in the video is most likely the AMORIS cohort study, published in GeroScience in 2023 (Murata et al.). Researchers at Karolinska Institutet tracked about 44,000 Swedes who had blood tests between the ages of 64 and 99. They followed them for up to 35 years. In that time, 1,224 people (2.7%) reached their 100th birthday, and about 85% of them were women (ScienceAlert). This is how the people who reached 100 differed, from their sixties onwards: Blood marker What it reflects People who reached 100 Glucose Blood sugar control Lower levels Total cholesterol Blood fats Low levels were linked to a lower chance of reaching 100 Iron Iron status, nutrition Low levels were linked to a lower chance of reaching 100 Creatinine Kidney function Lower levels Uric acid Inflammation and metabolism Lower levels This matches what the doctor says in the clip: the longest-lived people "had good glucose control and high cholesterol". The fine print: Most of the differences were small. People who reached 100 also "seldom displayed extremely high or low values" on any marker. The authors say the study can't tell us which lifestyle habits or genes caused these results. It shows a link, not a cause. Why cholesterol matters more as you age The doctor in the clip makes three points about why cholesterol is more than a number on a blood test. Your sex hormones are built from it "All sex hormones are built on cholesterol," he says. Oestrogen, progesterone and testosterone all start life as cholesterol molecules. These hormones already fall naturally with age, especially around menopause and andropause. His view is that lowering cholesterol hard can lower them further. Your cells and mitochondria use it Cholesterol is part of every cell membrane, including the membranes around your mitochondria, the parts of your cells that make energy. Energy production naturally becomes less efficient as we age, which is why mitochondria are a big focus of longevity research. LDL has a role in immunity LDL is usually called "bad cholesterol", but the doctor argues that label is "not entirely fair or accurate". He calls LDL "an unsung hero of immunity" because it helps the body fight infections. This is an area of ongoing research rather than settled science. Want the full picture of what cholesterol does, from vitamin D to brain health? Read our guide: Why Your Body Needs Cholesterol. The balanced view: is high cholesterol good or bad? The honest answer is that it depends on the person, and the evidence points both ways. Why low cholesterol in older age can be a warning sign: Illness, frailty and poor nutrition can all lower cholesterol. So when older people with low cholesterol die sooner, the illness may be lowering the cholesterol, not the other way round. Researchers call this "reverse causality". Why LDL still matters for your heart: A study of 12,334 healthy adults with an average age of 75 found higher LDL was still linked to a higher risk of dying from heart disease. Each 1 mmol/L rise came with about 19% higher risk. Yet the same study found the lowest overall death rate at an LDL of about 3.3 mmol/L, which is above many targets (ASPREE analysis, AHA 2022). Look beyond one number: In the clip, the doctor asks why we are "so obsessed with cholesterol" and not triglycerides, another blood fat he believes is more predictive of heart attacks. Whatever your view, a full picture is more useful than a single result. Ask your GP about: Total cholesterol, LDL and HDL Triglycerides HbA1c (long-term blood sugar) Blood pressure Your overall heart risk score (QRISK3 in the UK) The bottom line: Don't stop or change any cholesterol medication on your own. If you have questions about your results or your treatment, talk them through with your GP. What the longest-lived people have in common, and how to start The centenarians in the Swedish study weren't defined by one marker. They tended to stay in the middle on everything, with steady blood sugar, healthy kidneys and few extremes. That points to everyday habits more than any single fix. Daily habits that support healthy ageing Keep blood sugar steady. Build meals around protein, fibre and healthy fats, and cut back on sugary snacks and drinks. Eat real food. Oily fish, eggs, olive oil, nuts, beans and plenty of vegetables. Keep moving. Daily walking plus strength training two or three times a week. Sleep well. Aim for 7 to 9 hours a night. Get tested regularly. Track your full blood panel over time, not one result in isolation. Supplements to support your longevity routine Liposomal Uthever® NMN NMN is a building block your body uses to make NAD+, a molecule found in every cell. It's one of the most researched nutrients in longevity science. Want a higher strength? See NMN Elite. NMN + CoQ10 Daily Bundle Pairs NMN with our Liposomal CoQ10, two nutrients at the heart of mitochondria research, at a bundle price. Liposomal Curcumin 1200mg Curcumin is the active compound in turmeric. Ours uses liposomal delivery and is made in the UK. Explore the full range. Essentials D3K2 Drops Your body makes vitamin D from cholesterol and sunlight, but UK sun is too weak from October to March. Vitamin D contributes to the normal function of the immune system. Vitamin K contributes to the maintenance of normal bones. One drop a day gives you a full year's supply. Focused on blood sugar? Browse our Blood Sugar Reset collection. Shop the full Ivvion Longevity range → Frequently asked questions Do people who live to 100 have high cholesterol? In the Swedish AMORIS study, people with low total cholesterol were less likely to reach 100. But people who reached 100 also rarely had extreme values. Overall, they stood out more for steady blood sugar and healthy kidney markers than for very high cholesterol. Is high cholesterol bad for older adults? It's debated. Low cholesterol in older age can be a sign of illness or frailty. But higher LDL is still linked to a higher risk of heart disease, even in people over 70. Your GP can weigh up your personal risk. Is LDL really "bad cholesterol"? LDL carries cholesterol to your cells, where it's used for hormones and cell membranes. Some researchers believe it also plays a role in immunity. High LDL is still a recognised risk factor for heart disease, so it's worth discussing your results with your GP. What blood tests should I ask for? A full lipid panel (total cholesterol, LDL, HDL and triglycerides), HbA1c for blood sugar, kidney function and blood pressure. In the UK, your GP may also calculate your QRISK3 score. Can supplements replace cholesterol medication? No. Supplements are not a substitute for prescribed medication. Never stop or change your medication without speaking to your doctor. Sources Metabolic Must Haves, @metabolic_must_haves (video clip) Murata S et al. (2023). Blood biomarker profiles and exceptional longevity: comparison of centenarians and non-centenarians in a 35-year follow-up of the Swedish AMORIS cohort. GeroScience. ScienceAlert. The blood of exceptionally long-lived people reveals key differences Medicom conference report. Higher LDL cholesterol levels linked to higher CVD mortality risk in the elderly (ASPREE analysis, AHA Scientific Sessions 2022)

Cholesterol has a bad reputation. Most of us only hear about it when a blood test comes back "high". But your body makes most of its own cholesterol for a reason. Without it, you couldn't make hormones, build cells or keep your nerves working. In a recent interview, Dr. Gerald H. Smith (@drgeraldhsmith) put it simply: "You couldn't survive without it." He explains how your adrenal glands rely on cholesterol to make dozens of hormones, and why he thinks the full picture often gets lost in the cholesterol conversation. In this guide, we look at what cholesterol actually does, how statins affect your body's own production of CoQ10, and what you can do to support your heart and energy every day. Video credit: Dr. Gerald H. Smith, interview via ICNR.com. Shared with credit. The views in the video are his own. Why does the body need cholesterol? Cholesterol is a waxy fat that sits in every cell in your body. Your liver makes most of it, and only part comes from food. Here is what it does. 1. It is the starting point for your hormones Your steroid hormones are all built from cholesterol. That includes: Cortisol, which helps you respond to stress Aldosterone, which helps balance salt and fluid Oestrogen, progesterone and testosterone, your sex hormones Dr. Smith points to the adrenal glands as an example. Their two parts, the medulla and the cortex, produce what he describes as "over 60 different hormones", and the cortex uses cholesterol as the base for its steroid hormones. His point: if you lower cholesterol artificially, your body has less raw material to work with. 2. Your body uses it to make vitamin D When sunlight hits your skin, it turns a form of cholesterol into vitamin D. This is why cholesterol and vitamin D are so closely linked. In the UK, sunlight is too weak to make enough vitamin D from October to March. 3. Your brain and nerves depend on it The brain holds about 20% of the body's total cholesterol, more than any other organ (Orth & Bellosta, 2012). Much of it sits in myelin, the protective coating around nerves that helps signals travel quickly. As Dr. Smith says in the interview, "the nerves need cholesterol". 4. It holds your cells together Every cell membrane contains cholesterol. It keeps membranes stable but flexible, so nutrients can get in and waste can get out. 5. It helps you digest fat Your liver turns cholesterol into bile, which is stored in the gallbladder. Bile helps you absorb fats and fat-soluble vitamins like A, D, E and K. How statins work, and the CoQ10 link Statins are among the most prescribed medicines in the UK. They work by blocking an enzyme in the liver called HMG-CoA reductase. This enzyme controls the first steps of the pathway your body uses to make cholesterol. That same pathway also makes coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10). CoQ10 sits inside the mitochondria, the "power stations" of your cells, where it helps turn food into energy. Organs that use the most energy, like the heart and muscles, hold the most CoQ10. Because statins slow this shared pathway, they can lower CoQ10 too. A 2018 meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials found that statin treatment reduced CoQ10 levels in the blood (Qu et al., European Journal of Medical Research). Natural CoQ10 production also falls as we get older. That is one reason CoQ10 has become a popular part of many longevity routines. Good to know: The same researchers said CoQ10 supplements "may be a promising complementary approach" for statin-related muscle symptoms. Other studies have found less benefit, so the evidence is still mixed. If you take a statin and want to try CoQ10, speak to your GP or pharmacist first. Statins: the balanced picture Dr. Smith is openly critical of statins, and he isn't alone. But statins also have strong evidence behind them, so it's worth seeing both sides. What the evidence supports: The British Heart Foundation says statins are effective at preventing and managing heart and circulatory disease. That conclusion rests on a 2023 NICE review of 52 randomised trials (BHF). Known side effects: Muscle pain or weakness. The BHF estimates about 11 extra reports per 1,000 people in the first year. Blood sugar. Statins can cause a small rise in blood sugar. People already at high risk may develop type 2 diabetes sooner. Memory problems. The NHS lists these as an uncommon side effect (NHS). The bottom line: Never stop or change a prescribed statin on your own. If you have side effects, the NHS advises speaking to your doctor, who may change your dose or switch you to a different statin. How to support your heart, hormones and energy Healthy ageing starts with the basics. Supplements work best on top of them, not instead of them. Start with daily habits Eat for your heart. Fill up on oily fish, nuts, olive oil, beans, oats and colourful vegetables. Move every day. Walking, strength training and anything that raises your heart rate all count. Protect your sleep. Aim for 7 to 9 hours, as poor sleep affects hormones and blood sugar. Know your numbers. Ask your GP about a full picture, not just total cholesterol: HDL, triglycerides, blood pressure and blood sugar. Then add the right nutrients Liposomal CoQ10 100mg Our CoQ10 uses liposomal delivery, wrapping the CoQ10 in tiny fat-based bubbles. It's made in the UK and third-party tested, with 60 capsules per pot. If you take a statin, check with your GP or pharmacist before you start. Vitamin D3 + K2 Spray Since your body makes vitamin D from cholesterol and sunlight, UK winters leave many people short. Vitamin D contributes to the normal function of the immune system and the maintenance of normal muscle function. Vitamin K contributes to the maintenance of normal bones. Prefer drops? Try our Essentials D3K2 Drops, a full year's supply. Shop the full Ivvion Longevity range → Frequently asked questions Why does the body need cholesterol? Your body uses cholesterol to make steroid hormones like cortisol, oestrogen and testosterone. It also uses it to make vitamin D and bile, and to build cell membranes and the myelin around your nerves. Is all cholesterol bad? No. Cholesterol is essential. What matters is your overall heart health picture, including HDL, triglycerides, blood pressure, blood sugar and lifestyle. Your GP can help you understand your results. Do statins lower CoQ10? Statins block part of the pathway the body uses to make both cholesterol and CoQ10. A 2018 meta-analysis of randomised trials found that statins reduce CoQ10 levels in the blood. Can I take CoQ10 with a statin? Many people do, but always check with your GP or pharmacist first, especially if you take other medicines such as blood thinners. Should I stop my statin? No, not without medical advice. If you have side effects, speak to your doctor. They may change your dose or switch you to another statin. Sources Dr. Gerald H. Smith, interview via ICNR.com (@drgeraldhsmith) Orth M, Bellosta S (2012). Cholesterol: Its Regulation and Role in Central Nervous System Disorders. Cholesterol. Qu H et al. (2018). The effect of statin treatment on circulating coenzyme Q10 concentrations: an updated meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. European Journal of Medical Research. British Heart Foundation. Statins NHS. Side effects of statins

What is liposomal Vitamin C + D? If you've taken regular Vitamin C tablets before, you'll know the experience: a large dose, a quick pass through your digestive system, and an optimistic hope that something useful happened in between. Liposomal delivery is a different approach. The active ingredients — in this case Vitamin C and Vitamin D — are encased in tiny lipid (fat-based) spheres called liposomes. These spheres are structurally similar to the membranes of your own cells, which means they're designed to move through the gut more efficiently than a standard tablet before releasing their contents. Think of it this way: a regular supplement is like posting a letter with no envelope. A liposomal supplement gives that letter a protective casing for the journey. Our Liposomal Vitamin C + D softgels combine both nutrients in this format — one softgel, two ingredients, one delivery system built to get them where they need to go. Why Vitamin C and Vitamin D together? These two nutrients come up in almost every conversation about everyday health support, and for good reason. Vitamin C contributes to: Normal function of the immune system Normal collagen formation — supporting the normal function of skin, bones, cartilage, teeth and gums Reduction of tiredness and fatigue Protection of cells from oxidative stress Vitamin D contributes to: Normal function of the immune system Normal absorption and utilisation of calcium and phosphorus Maintenance of normal bones and muscle function Separately, both do a lot. Together in a single softgel, they make a convenient pairing for people who are already thinking about daily immune and bone support — particularly in the UK, where low sunlight for much of the year means Vitamin D deficiency is common. The NHS recommends that adults in the UK consider a daily Vitamin D supplement, especially between October and March. Adding Vitamin C alongside it means one less capsule to remember. What makes liposomal different from standard supplements? Standard Vitamin C and D supplements work well for many people. But water-soluble nutrients like Vitamin C can be affected by digestion before they reach the bloodstream — the body excretes what it doesn't absorb quickly. Fat-soluble nutrients like Vitamin D are better absorbed alongside dietary fat, which isn't always present. Liposomal technology addresses both: The lipid sphere protects the Vitamin C as it passes through the digestive system Vitamin D, being fat-soluble, is naturally suited to a lipid-based delivery format The two ingredients are delivered together, in a format designed to work with the body's own absorption pathways We're careful not to overclaim here — liposomal delivery is designed to support absorption, and it's the same broad class of technology used by premium CoQ10 and glutathione products. It doesn't mean every milligram makes it through. It means the delivery format is built with absorption in mind. Who is this for? Ivvion Liposomal Vitamin C + D softgels are designed for adults who want: A convenient, combined Vitamin C and D supplement in a single softgel A liposomal delivery format for both nutrients A straightforward daily routine — one softgel, ideally with a meal It's a good fit for people already interested in everyday immune and bone support, particularly through the autumn and winter months when Vitamin D from sunlight becomes harder to maintain. Important: this product contains gelatine Our Liposomal Vitamin C + D softgels use a gelatine capsule shell. This product is not suitable for vegans or vegetarians. Please check the label before purchasing if you have dietary requirements. If you're looking for a vegan alternative, see our other Vitamin D options in the supplements range. How to take it Dose: 1 softgel per day When: With a meal Storage: Cool, dry place, away from direct sunlight The bottom line Most of the Vitamin C and D on the market comes in standard tablet or capsule form — nothing wrong with that. Our liposomal softgels are for people who want to think about how their supplement is delivered, not just what's in it. Same two nutrients. A smarter format for getting them there. Shop Liposomal Vitamin C + D Food supplement. Do not exceed the recommended daily dose. Food supplements should not be used as a substitute for a varied, balanced diet and a healthy lifestyle. Keep out of reach of children. If you are pregnant, breastfeeding, taking medication, or have a medical condition, consult your doctor before use. Contains gelatine. Not suitable for vegans or vegetarians.

Why most collagen supplements miss the point The idea behind collagen supplementation is straightforward: your body's collagen production decreases with age, so you add more from an external source. Simple enough. The problem is that collagen isn't simple to absorb. It's a large structural protein, and unless it's broken down into small enough peptides, the body can't use it meaningfully. Many collagen products on the market stop at basic hydrolysis — they break the protein down, but not far enough. Then there's the second problem: collagen doesn't work in isolation. The body's process for building and maintaining collagen requires specific supporting nutrients — particularly Vitamin C, which contributes to normal collagen formation. A standalone collagen supplement that doesn't include what the body needs to use it is an incomplete formula. Ivvion Nano Marine Collagen was built to solve both problems. What makes it "nano"? Hydrolysed marine collagen has been around for years. What distinguishes nano marine collagen is the molecular weight of the peptides. Standard hydrolysed collagen peptides vary in size. Lower molecular weight peptides are smaller, and smaller particles are easier for the gut to process and absorb. Our formula uses low molecular weight marine collagen peptides — the kind designed to get further through the digestive system before breaking down, rather than being processed into generic amino acids before they can be useful. Each daily serving provides 1,600mg of low molecular weight marine collagen peptides from deep ocean marine collagen. That's not a trace amount — it's a meaningful daily dose in a format built for absorption. The full formula — and why everything is there What sets this product apart from a standalone collagen capsule is the supporting stack. Every ingredient has a reason to be here. Marine Collagen Peptides — 1,600mg Low molecular weight, hydrolysed from deep ocean fish. Type I collagen, the most abundant type in the human body, found in skin, tendons, and bone. Sourced and manufactured in the UK to GMP standards. Sodium Hyaluronate (Hyaluronic Acid) — 80mg Hyaluronic acid is a naturally occurring compound found in skin and connective tissue. It's known for its ability to retain moisture — it can hold many times its own weight in water. As skin ages, hyaluronic acid levels decline alongside collagen, so the two are a logical pairing in a skin-support formula. Vitamin C (Liposomal) — 156mg This isn't just a standard Vitamin C addition. Vitamin C contributes to normal collagen formation for the normal function of skin — this is an authorised UK health claim, meaning the science behind it is well-established. The body physically needs Vitamin C to support collagen synthesis. Using liposomal Vitamin C means it's delivered in a phospholipid format designed to support absorption, rather than a standard ascorbic acid form that can pass through quickly. Bamboo Extract (providing Silica) — 56mg silica Bamboo is one of the richest plant sources of silica, a trace mineral associated with structural support in connective tissue, skin, hair and nails. It's a natural complement to a collagen and skin-support formula. Phytoceramides (from Rice Bran) — 20mg Ceramides are lipids that naturally occur in the outermost layer of the skin, where they form part of the moisture barrier. Phytoceramides from rice bran are the plant-derived equivalent. They've been studied for their role in skin hydration from within. Zinc — 4.8mg Zinc contributes to the maintenance of normal skin, hair and nails — another authorised UK health claim. It rounds out the formula with a well-evidenced mineral that works across multiple aspects of the look and feel of skin, hair, and nails. What's in the capsule shell? The capsules use HPMC (hydroxypropyl methylcellulose) shells — a plant-derived, vegan-friendly capsule material. No gelatine. Important allergen note: this product contains FISH (marine collagen source). It is not suitable for people with a fish or shellfish allergy. It is suitable for vegans from a capsule perspective, but if you follow a strictly vegan diet that excludes fish, this product is not appropriate. Gluten free. Sugar free. Made in the UK. Who is this for? Nano Marine Collagen is designed for adults who want a complete, multi-ingredient beauty-from-within supplement — not just a standalone collagen powder. It's a good fit if you: Want collagen alongside the nutrients the body needs to support collagen synthesis (Vitamin C) Are looking for a capsule format rather than a powder you mix into drinks Want hyaluronic acid, silica, zinc and phytoceramides alongside collagen in a single daily formula Prefer a UK-manufactured product with transparent ingredient dosing How to take it Dose: 4 capsules per day When: With water and food Supply: Each bottle contains 120 capsules — a 30-day supply Storage: Cool, dry place, away from direct sunlight The formula is intended for consistent daily use over time. Collagen and skin-support supplements are not instant — give it at least a few weeks of daily use. The bottom line Most collagen supplements give you collagen and stop there. The body doesn't work that way. Nano Marine Collagen provides the low molecular weight collagen peptides your body can actually absorb, alongside the full supporting stack — liposomal Vitamin C for collagen formation, hyaluronic acid for hydration, bamboo silica, zinc and phytoceramides — in a single, transparent daily formula. Beauty from within, done properly. Shop Nano Marine Collagen   

Most new parents know the basics — feeding, sleeping, nappy changes. Vitamin D supplementation rarely comes up at the hospital, and when it does, it is often mentioned briefly and forgotten in the blur of the first few days. This guide covers everything parents need to know about Vitamin D for babies in the UK — why it matters, when to start, how much to give, what form to use, and what to look for in a supplement. We make a baby Vitamin D3 drops product, so read the product section at the end knowing that. Everything before it applies to any supplement. Why do babies need Vitamin D? Vitamin D is essential for normal development in babies and young children. It plays a key role in how the body absorbs and uses calcium and phosphorus — two minerals critical for bone development. Without enough Vitamin D, babies can develop rickets — a condition causing soft, weak bones that can lead to skeletal deformities. Rickets was largely eliminated in the UK in the mid-twentieth century but has been rising again in recent decades, primarily due to insufficient Vitamin D supplementation in infants. Vitamin D also contributes to the normal function of the immune system — a claim authorised in the UK. Babies and young children with adequate Vitamin D levels may have better immune resilience during their early years, though this is harder to study directly than bone outcomes. Why UK babies are particularly at risk In most countries with significant sunlight, babies can obtain some Vitamin D through skin exposure. The UK is different for two reasons. 1. UK sunlight is not strong enough for most of the year Vitamin D is synthesised in the skin when ultraviolet B (UVB) radiation from sunlight hits it. The problem in the UK is that between October and March, the sun is too low in the sky for UVB rays to reach the earth's surface at sufficient intensity. No meaningful Vitamin D can be produced from sunlight during these months — regardless of how much time is spent outdoors. Even between April and September, the sun is only strong enough for skin synthesis during the middle of the day. Cloudy days, indoor time, clothing and sunscreen all reduce this further. 2. Babies should not be exposed to direct sunlight anyway The NHS advises that babies under six months should be kept out of direct sunlight entirely. Their skin is too sensitive. This removes the possibility of any sun-derived Vitamin D for newborns and young infants — making dietary supplementation the only reliable route. Why breast milk is not enough Breast milk is nutritionally remarkable. It provides exactly what a newborn needs across almost every nutrient — except one. Breast milk contains very little Vitamin D. A breastfeeding mother would need to have extremely high blood levels of Vitamin D herself — levels difficult to achieve through sunlight or diet alone — to pass enough through to her baby via milk. In practice, this does not happen reliably, and it is not a realistic expectation. The NHS position is clear: breastfed babies need a Vitamin D supplement from birth. What about formula-fed babies? Infant formula is fortified with Vitamin D. However, the fortification is calibrated for babies consuming a full volume of formula — typically around 500ml per day. Babies drinking less than this — which can happen in the early weeks — may not reach the recommended intake from formula alone. The NHS advises that formula-fed babies drinking less than 500ml per day should also receive a Vitamin D supplement. Once a baby moves to 500ml or more of formula daily, supplementation is not routinely required — though it does no harm to continue. What the NHS recommends The NHS recommendation is straightforward. All babies from birth to one year — whether breastfed or formula-fed — should receive a daily supplement containing 8.5 to 10 micrograms (340 to 400 IU) of Vitamin D. Children aged one to four years should continue receiving a daily supplement of 10 micrograms (400 IU) of Vitamin D. The NHS Healthy Start scheme provides free vitamins — including Vitamin D — to eligible families. These are available from health visitors and children's centres. It is worth noting that the NHS recommendation has been in place since 2012 and has been reinforced repeatedly since. Despite this, surveys consistently show that many UK parents are not supplementing their babies with Vitamin D. The most common reason is simply not knowing it is necessary. How much Vitamin D do babies need? The UK's Department of Health recommends: Birth to 12 months: 8.5–10 micrograms (340–400 IU) per day 1 to 4 years: 10 micrograms (400 IU) per day These are the reference nutrient intakes. Most baby Vitamin D drop supplements are formulated to deliver exactly this range per drop, making dosing straightforward. Can you give too much? Yes, in theory. Vitamin D toxicity from supplements is rare but possible at very high doses over extended periods. The tolerable upper intake level for infants is 25 micrograms (1,000 IU) per day. Standard baby Vitamin D supplements at recommended doses are far below this level — this is only a concern if significantly more than the recommended dose is given consistently. Do not give adult Vitamin D supplements to babies. Adult formulations are typically 1,000 to 5,000 IU per dose — many times the infant recommendation. Use supplements designed specifically for babies. Vitamin D2 vs Vitamin D3 for babies There are two forms of Vitamin D used in supplements: Vitamin D2 (ergocalciferol) — derived from plant sources and fungi. Vegan. Used in some NHS Healthy Start drops. Vitamin D3 (cholecalciferol) — traditionally derived from lanolin (sheep's wool) or fish oil. More recently available in vegan form derived from lichen. Research generally shows that Vitamin D3 raises and maintains blood levels more effectively than D2. Most current guidance — including from UK health bodies — favours D3. For parents who want a vegan option, lichen-sourced D3 is now widely available and provides the same benefits as lanolin-derived D3. Our Baby Vitamin D3 Drops use lichen-sourced vegan D3 — no animal-derived ingredients beyond the carrier oils, which are organic coconut MCT oil and Vitamin E. What to look for in baby Vitamin D drops 1. Form: D3 preferred Look for cholecalciferol (D3) rather than ergocalciferol (D2). D3 is more effective at raising and maintaining blood Vitamin D levels. 2. Dose per drop The most practical drops deliver the full recommended dose in a single drop — making daily administration simple and reducing the risk of dosing errors. Check the label carefully: some drops require multiple drops per dose. 3. Minimal ingredients Baby supplements should have as few unnecessary ingredients as possible. Look for products free from preservatives, artificial colours, flavours, gluten, dairy and soy. Three or four ingredients is appropriate for a baby supplement. 4. Vegan certification (if relevant) If you need a vegan supplement, confirm the D3 source is lichen (plant-derived) rather than lanolin or fish oil. Check for a vegan certification or explicit statement from the brand. 5. Halal and Kosher certification (if relevant) Some families require halal or kosher certification. Check that both the D3 source and any carrier oils meet your requirements. 6. UK manufacturing Supplements made in the UK are subject to UK manufacturing standards including GMP (Good Manufacturing Practice) requirements. Third-party testing is the gold standard — ask the brand for a certificate of analysis if it is not published. 7. Easy dosing A precision nozzle makes drops easier to administer accurately — especially with a newborn. Look for products designed to give a single clean drop rather than requiring careful counting. How to give Vitamin D drops to a baby Method 1 — Directly on the tongue Use the dropper or nozzle to place the drop directly into the baby's mouth or on their tongue. This is the simplest method for most babies. Method 2 — Mixed into milk or food Drop the supplement into a small amount of breast milk, formula, or — for older babies — onto food. This works well for babies who resist drops being placed directly in their mouth. Timing There is no strong evidence that timing matters significantly. Many parents find it easiest to give the drop at the same point in the daily routine — first morning feed, for example — so it becomes a habit. No refrigeration needed Most baby Vitamin D drops do not require refrigeration, which makes them convenient for travel and storage. When can you stop supplementing? Birth to 1 year: Supplement daily regardless of feeding method (unless consuming 500ml+ of formula daily, though continuing does no harm). 1 to 4 years: Continue daily 10 microgram (400 IU) Vitamin D supplement. Children at this age are unlikely to get enough from diet and sunlight alone in the UK. 4 years and older: The NHS recommends all UK adults and children over 4 consider a daily Vitamin D supplement, particularly between October and March. After 4, children can move to children's or adult formulations at appropriate doses. Vitamin D and other nutrients Vitamin D and Calcium Vitamin D helps the body absorb calcium. Babies and young children need both for normal bone development. Breast milk and formula both contain calcium. A balanced diet from weaning onwards provides additional calcium. Vitamin D supplementation ensures calcium can be properly absorbed. Vitamin D and Vitamin A and C NHS Healthy Start vitamins contain Vitamins A, C and D together. Vitamin A supports normal vision and immune function in infants. Vitamin C contributes to normal immune function and the normal formation of connective tissue. If you choose a standalone Vitamin D supplement rather than a multivitamin, be aware of what else your baby may or may not be getting. Multivitamin drops vs standalone Vitamin D A standalone Vitamin D drop is appropriate if your baby has no other nutritional gaps — typically a well-nourished, formula-fed baby who eats a varied diet from weaning. A multivitamin drop may be more appropriate for breastfed babies or those with restricted diets, as it covers Vitamins A and C as well. Discuss with your health visitor if unsure. About Ivvion Baby Vitamin D3 Drops Our Baby Vitamin D3 Drops are the same formula we supply to NHS Scotland. Form: Vitamin D3 (cholecalciferol) — lichen-sourced, vegan Dose: One drop per day delivers the Department of Health recommended amount Ingredients: Three clean ingredients — lichen-sourced vegan Vitamin D3, organic coconut MCT oil, Vitamin E Free from: Preservatives, artificial colours, flavours, gluten, dairy, soy, animal-derived ingredients Certifications: Vegan, Halal, Kosher Manufacturing: UK-made, BRCGS A-grade facility, ISO 9001 certified, third-party tested every batch Bottle: 10ml — 120 drops — four-month supply Suitable from: Birth to 12 years View Baby Vitamin D3 Drops → For families who want to cover Vitamins A, C and D together, we also make Baby Multivitamin Drops → Frequently asked questions When should I start giving my baby Vitamin D? From birth, if breastfeeding. If formula-feeding, from birth until your baby is consistently drinking 500ml or more of formula per day. There is no harm in starting from birth regardless of feeding method. My baby is formula-fed — do they still need Vitamin D drops? Infant formula is fortified with Vitamin D, but only at a level sufficient when the baby is consuming a full daily volume (approximately 500ml). In the early weeks when intake may be lower, supplementation is still recommended. Once consistently on 500ml+ per day, supplementation is not routinely required. Can I give my baby adult Vitamin D supplements? No. Adult Vitamin D supplements are typically 1,000 to 5,000 IU per dose — many times the infant recommendation of 340-400 IU. Always use a supplement formulated specifically for babies. My baby is mixed-fed — do they need a supplement? If your baby is receiving any breast milk as part of their feeds, supplement with Vitamin D from birth. The amount of formula being consumed is unlikely to compensate fully. What if I miss a day? Missing an occasional day is not harmful. The goal is consistent daily supplementation over weeks and months — one missed dose has no meaningful effect. Is lichen-sourced D3 as effective as lanolin-sourced D3? Yes. Both are cholecalciferol (Vitamin D3) — the same molecule. The source affects only whether the product is suitable for vegans, not its effectiveness in the body. My baby seems to dislike the drops — what should I do? Try mixing the drop into a small amount of breast milk or formula, or placing it on a clean finger for the baby to suck. Most babies do not object to the drops, particularly oil-based formulas with minimal flavour. Do I need a prescription? No. Baby Vitamin D supplements are available over the counter. NHS Healthy Start vitamins are available free of charge to eligible families through health visitors and children's centres. Food supplement. Not a medicine. Does not diagnose, treat, cure or prevent any disease. Do not exceed the recommended daily dose. Vitamin D contributes to the normal development of bones and to the normal function of the immune system. Always consult your health visitor or GP if you have any concerns about your baby's health or nutrition.

Collagen supplements have gone from niche to mainstream in the UK remarkably quickly. Walk into any health food shop and you'll find a shelf full of powders, capsules, drinks and gummies all claiming to do something meaningful for your skin, joints or hair. Most of the marketing is well ahead of the evidence. This guide tries to sit the other side of that — covering what collagen actually is, what the research currently supports, what to look for in a supplement, and what to be sceptical of. We make a marine collagen product, so read the final section knowing that. Everything before it applies to any collagen supplement. What is collagen? Collagen is the most abundant protein in the human body. It makes up roughly 30% of total body protein and is found throughout connective tissue — in skin, tendons, ligaments, cartilage, bones and blood vessels. Structurally, collagen works like scaffolding. In skin, collagen fibres form a dense network in the dermis — the middle layer — that gives skin its structure, firmness and elasticity. In joints, collagen forms the cartilage that cushions bones. In tendons and ligaments, it provides tensile strength. There are at least 28 types of collagen, but types I, II and III account for the vast majority in the human body. Type I is the most abundant and is found in skin, bone, tendons and the gut wall. Type II is concentrated in cartilage. Type III is found alongside type I in skin and blood vessels. Most collagen supplements are type I. Marine collagen is almost exclusively type I. What happens to collagen as you age? Collagen production declines with age — this is well established. The peak of collagen production is generally in your mid-to-late 20s. After that, production decreases by approximately 1-1.5% per year. By 40, many people have lost a meaningful proportion of their skin's structural collagen. By 60, the reduction is significant enough to be measurable in skin biopsies. Several factors accelerate collagen loss beyond normal ageing: UV exposure — one of the most significant environmental factors Smoking — directly disrupts collagen synthesis High sugar intake — glycation damages collagen fibres Vitamin C deficiency — Vitamin C is required for normal collagen synthesis The visible consequences — skin that looks thinner, less firm, or more lined — are largely a reflection of this structural change in the dermis. Joint discomfort in older age also partly reflects changes in cartilage collagen. None of this means collagen supplements will reverse these changes. What it explains is why there is genuine biological interest in whether they can support collagen synthesis. How do collagen supplements work? When you eat collagen — from food or a supplement — your digestive system breaks it down into amino acids and small peptides. It doesn't arrive at your skin intact. This is a point worth understanding because it's where a lot of supplement marketing misleads people. The relevant question is whether the amino acids and peptides from hydrolysed collagen specifically support collagen synthesis in the body, and whether they do so better than amino acids from other protein sources. The honest answer is: the evidence suggests they might, but it is not settled science. What hydrolysed collagen peptides are Hydrolysed collagen — also called collagen hydrolysate or collagen peptides — has been broken down by enzymes into smaller peptide chains. These are small enough to be absorbed through the gut wall more efficiently than whole collagen protein. Low molecular weight peptides The absorption question partly comes down to molecular weight. Standard collagen peptides have a molecular weight of roughly 3,000-5,000 Daltons. Low molecular weight peptides — sometimes called nano peptides — are smaller still, typically under 2,000 Daltons. Smaller particles pass through the gut lining more readily. This is the basis for "nano" or "low molecular weight" claims you see on some products, including ours. What happens after absorption The most studied mechanism is that certain collagen-derived peptides — particularly dipeptides like hydroxyproline-proline — may act as signals that stimulate fibroblasts (the cells in skin that produce collagen) to increase collagen synthesis. This is studied primarily in cell culture and some human trials. The evidence from randomised controlled trials is modest but real. A 2019 systematic review in the Journal of Drugs in Dermatology looked at 11 studies on oral collagen supplementation and skin outcomes. Most reported improvements in skin hydration, elasticity or density. The studies were generally small, and industry-funded, which requires the usual caution. But the effect sizes were consistent enough that researchers consider it a plausible mechanism worth further study. This is different from saying "collagen supplements work." It means the biological mechanism is plausible, some human evidence exists, and more rigorous research is ongoing. Marine collagen vs bovine collagen Most collagen supplements are either marine (from fish) or bovine (from cows). There are also chicken, porcine and vegan alternatives — though vegan collagen supplements do not contain collagen itself, they contain nutrients that support the body's own collagen synthesis. Marine collagen Marine collagen is derived from fish — typically the skin, scales or bones. It is almost entirely type I collagen, which is the type most relevant to skin. It has a lower molecular weight than bovine collagen, which theoretically supports better absorption. Marine collagen is the preferred option for people who avoid beef for dietary, ethical or religious reasons. Bovine collagen Bovine collagen is derived from cow hides. It contains both type I and type III collagen. It is generally cheaper to produce than marine collagen and widely used in supplements and food products. Which is better? Direct comparison trials are limited. Most researchers consider the choice less important than the dose, the hydrolysis quality and whether Vitamin C is present — since Vitamin C is required for normal collagen formation. The role of Vitamin C and Zinc Two nutrients are particularly relevant to collagen — and both have authorised health claims in the UK. Vitamin C Vitamin C is required for the hydroxylation of proline and lysine, two amino acids essential to collagen structure. Without adequate Vitamin C, normal collagen synthesis cannot occur. This is why severe Vitamin C deficiency (scurvy) causes skin and connective tissue breakdown. The authorised UK health claim: Vitamin C contributes to normal collagen formation for the normal function of skin. Taking a collagen supplement without adequate Vitamin C is therefore suboptimal. This is why we include liposomal Vitamin C in our Nano Marine Collagen formula. Zinc Zinc plays a role in collagen synthesis and is also involved in skin, hair and nail maintenance. The authorised UK health claim: Zinc contributes to the maintenance of normal skin, hair and nails. What to look for in a marine collagen supplement 1. Source and type Confirm the collagen is marine-derived and the type is stated. Most marine collagen is type I. If a product does not state the source or type, treat this as a red flag. 2. Hydrolysed peptides, not whole collagen The supplement should specify it is hydrolysed collagen or collagen peptides. Whole, non-hydrolysed collagen is not meaningfully absorbed by the gut. 3. Molecular weight Low molecular weight peptides (under 2,000 Daltons) are generally considered to absorb better. Some products state this, some don't. Products that do have typically invested more in their formulation. 4. Vitamin C Given its requirement for normal collagen synthesis, a product that includes Vitamin C — or one you take alongside adequate Vitamin C — is worth prioritising. 5. Third-party testing A certificate of analysis from an independent laboratory confirms the product contains what it says it does. Ask the brand for theirs if it is not published. 6. No unsupported claims In the UK, there are no authorised health claims for collagen itself. If a product claims to "reduce wrinkles," "reverse ageing," or "rebuild joints," it is making a claim that is not permitted under UK advertising rules. Treat this as a signal about how honest the brand is prepared to be elsewhere. 7. Allergen information Marine collagen contains fish. This must be declared. If you have a fish allergy, marine collagen is not suitable. What the research does not yet support This is the section most collagen brands skip. We don't. Joint repair: There is some evidence from small trials that collagen peptides may support cartilage in people with osteoarthritis. The evidence is not strong enough to make a confident recommendation. If you have joint problems, speak to a physiotherapist or GP. Hair and nail growth: Some small studies suggest an association. The evidence is early and inconsistent. Muscle mass: Some research combines collagen peptides with resistance training. The specific contribution of collagen to muscle outcomes is hard to isolate. Gut health: Some practitioners suggest collagen supports the gut lining. Human clinical trial evidence for this is very limited. Anti-ageing: There is no licensed claim for collagen reversing or slowing ageing. Any product making this claim is in breach of UK advertising rules. None of this means collagen is ineffective. It means the evidence is still being built, and honest marketing acknowledges that. How to take marine collagen Dose Most studies that have shown effects on skin outcomes have used doses between 1,000mg and 10,000mg per day. Our Nano Marine Collagen provides 1,600mg per daily serving (4 capsules). Timing There is no strong evidence that timing matters significantly. Taking it consistently is more important than taking it at a specific time. With food is generally recommended for tolerability. Duration Most studies run for 8-12 weeks. Collagen synthesis is a slow biological process. Expecting visible results within a week is unrealistic — if a supplement claims rapid visible improvement, be sceptical. Consistency As with most food supplements, consistent daily intake over months is the appropriate way to approach collagen supplementation. It is not an acute supplement. About Ivvion Nano Marine Collagen Held against the criteria above: Source: Deep ocean marine collagen — type I hydrolysed peptides Molecular weight: Low molecular weight — designed for better absorption Formula: 1,600mg marine collagen peptides, 80mg sodium hyaluronate (hyaluronic acid), 156mg liposomal Vitamin C, 56mg bamboo silica, 20mg phytoceramides from rice bran, 4.8mg zinc Why we included Vitamin C: Because collagen without Vitamin C is incomplete. Vitamin C contributes to normal collagen formation for the normal function of skin — an authorised UK health claim. Why we included Zinc: Zinc contributes to the maintenance of normal skin, hair and nails — authorised UK claim. Manufacturing: UK-made in a BRCGS A-grade, GMP-certified, ISO 9001 facility Testing: Third-party tested every batch. Certificate of analysis available on request. Allergens: Contains fish. Not vegan. Not suitable for those with fish allergies. Claims: We make only the two authorised claims above. We do not claim to reduce wrinkles, reverse ageing, or repair joints. View Nano Marine Collagen → Frequently asked questions Is marine collagen vegan? No. Marine collagen is derived from fish. It is not vegan. If you are looking for a vegan alternative, you would need nutrients that support the body's own collagen synthesis — primarily Vitamin C and zinc — rather than collagen itself. Can I take collagen if I have a fish allergy? No. Marine collagen contains fish and must be avoided by anyone with a fish allergy. Bovine collagen would be an alternative, though you should confirm ingredients with any specific brand. How long before I notice anything? Most trials that report any outcomes run for at least 8 weeks. Some people notice changes in skin hydration earlier; many notice nothing specific. Set expectations accordingly. Is collagen powder better than capsules? Not necessarily. What matters more is the quality of the hydrolysis, the molecular weight, the dose, and whether Vitamin C is present. The delivery format is a secondary consideration. Can I take collagen with other supplements? Yes in most cases. Collagen pairs well with Vitamin C (required for collagen formation) and zinc. There are no well-documented negative interactions with common supplements, but if you take prescription medication, check with your GP or pharmacist. What is hyaluronic acid and why is it in your collagen product? Hyaluronic acid (sodium hyaluronate) is a molecule naturally found in skin and joints that helps retain water. It is included in our formula as a complementary ingredient to the collagen peptides. Food supplement. Not a medicine. Does not diagnose, treat, cure or prevent any disease. Do not exceed the recommended daily dose. Food supplements should not be used as a substitute for a varied, balanced diet and a healthy lifestyle. If you are pregnant, breastfeeding, taking medication, or have a medical condition, please consult your doctor before starting. Contains fish.

If you've been researching NAD+ supplements, you've probably seen two acronyms come up over and over: NMN and NR. Both are sold as ways to raise NAD+ levels in your body. Both have published human research behind them. Both have ardent supporters and outspoken critics. This guide explains what each one actually is, what the human evidence shows for each, and how to decide which is right for you. We'll be upfront — Ivvion makes NMN, not NR. We'll explain why we made that choice. You can take it or leave it. A 60-second primer on NAD+ To understand the difference between NMN and NR, you need to understand what they're both trying to do. NAD+ (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) is a coenzyme found in every cell of your body. It powers cellular energy production and activates the enzymes responsible for DNA repair and cellular maintenance. The amount of NAD+ in your tissues declines steadily from young adulthood onward; by age 50 it's roughly half of what it was at 25. You can't take NAD+ directly — the molecule is too large to absorb through the gut intact. So supplement researchers have focused on precursors: molecules your body can convert into NAD+. The two leading precursors on the market are NMN and NR. Both work. The differences are technical, and worth understanding before you spend money on either. What is NR? NR stands for nicotinamide riboside. It's a form of vitamin B3 that the body converts into NAD+ through a multi-step pathway: NR → NMN → NAD+. NR was the first NAD+ precursor to reach the consumer supplement market in a serious way, starting around 2013 when ChromaDex licensed it under the brand name Niagen. Most premium NR supplements use Niagen as their raw material. The case for NR rests on three things. First, NR has been on the market longer than NMN, which means more cumulative human safety data. Second, NR is smaller than NMN, which some researchers have argued makes it easier to absorb. Third, NR has been through multiple peer-reviewed human trials demonstrating that it raises NAD+ in blood. The case against NR rests on one thing. NR has to be converted into NMN before it becomes NAD+. So if your body's conversion machinery for that step is slow or impaired (which it can be in older adults), you may be getting less of the active molecule than you think. What is NMN? NMN stands for nicotinamide mononucleotide. It's one biochemical step closer to NAD+ in the conversion pathway: NMN → NAD+ directly. NMN reached the consumer market later than NR, gaining real traction around 2018–2020. The most well-studied branded form of NMN is Uthever®, manufactured under pharmaceutical-grade conditions and used in most of the human clinical trials referenced below. The case for NMN rests on three things. First, it's the direct precursor to NAD+, skipping a conversion step. Second, the most recent and physiologically meaningful human trials (improvements in insulin sensitivity, walking speed, aerobic capacity) have been on NMN, not NR. Third, the absorption story has been resolved by newer delivery technology — sublingual and liposomal NMN formulations get the molecule into the bloodstream effectively. The case against NMN was historically that the molecule is larger than NR and might be harder to absorb. The evidence for this has weakened as better-designed absorption studies have been published, but it's still an honest critique. What the human studies actually show Here's the part that most of the internet skips. Let's look at the strongest human trials for each precursor. NR — the major human trials Martens et al, 2018, published in Nature Communications. University of Colorado Boulder. 24 healthy adults aged 55–79 given 500 mg of NR twice daily (1,000 mg/day) for 6 weeks. NR group showed increased NAD+ in blood and reduced systolic blood pressure. Small trial, modest effects. Conze et al, 2019, published in Scientific Reports. A double-blind trial of 140 healthy overweight adults given 100, 300, or 1,000 mg of NR for 8 weeks. NR raised NAD+ levels dose-dependently. No clinically meaningful changes in metabolic markers. Remie et al, 2020, published in the American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. Maastricht University. 13 overweight insulin-resistant men given 1,000 mg of NR for 6 weeks. NR raised NAD+ but did not improve insulin sensitivity or other metabolic markers (a negative result worth noting). The pattern across NR trials: NAD+ goes up in blood, downstream physical or metabolic outcomes are inconsistent. NMN — the major human trials Yoshino et al, 2021, published in Science. Washington University in St Louis. 25 postmenopausal prediabetic women given 250 mg of NMN per day for 10 weeks. Roughly 25% improvement in muscle insulin sensitivity versus placebo. This is one of the few NAD+ precursor trials with a clear, clinically meaningful downstream outcome. Igarashi et al, 2022, published in npj Aging. Keio University, Japan. 108 healthy older adults (mean age 65) given 250 mg of NMN daily for 12 weeks. Improvements in walking speed and grip strength. Liao et al, 2023, published in the Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition. Recreational runners given 300 mg of NMN daily for 6 weeks. Improvements in aerobic capacity (ventilatory threshold). The pattern across NMN trials: smaller doses (250–300 mg) produced measurable physical outcomes — insulin sensitivity, strength, aerobic capacity. The downstream effects look stronger than what's been seen in NR trials at higher doses. Honest caveats We need to flag what these comparisons don't show. These are still small trials. None of them is a 10,000-person mega-study. The effect sizes are modest. The long-term effects of multi-year supplementation with either precursor are still being studied. And direct head-to-head trials of NMN vs NR in the same study are vanishingly rare — most of what we have is indirect comparison across separately-designed studies, which is always weaker evidence. Also, NR has had more time on the market. There's more cumulative safety data. Both are well-tolerated in the doses studied, but NR has been taken by more people for longer. How to choose between NMN and NR Here's a practical framework. Pick NR if: you want the option with the longest cumulative human safety record. You've taken NR before and felt good results. You prefer a single-step branded ingredient (Niagen) where the supply chain is consistent. Pick NMN if: you want the precursor with the strongest recent human-trial evidence on downstream physical outcomes. You're willing to take a slightly newer category in exchange for that. You can afford to choose a premium liposomal delivery system if absorption is a concern. Pick both? Some longevity protocols stack NMN and NR together. There's no strong evidence this is meaningfully better than either alone, and it's expensive. We don't recommend it for most people. Pick neither (yet) if: you're under 35 and healthy. The NAD+ decline is gentler in the first half of adulthood; the case for supplementing is weaker. Food (broccoli, edamame, milk, brewer's yeast contain trace amounts), sleep, exercise, and not being chronically over-stressed do more for your NAD+ than any pill. Why Ivvion makes NMN and not NR We considered both when we were designing the Ivvion longevity range. We chose NMN for three reasons. First, the recent human evidence on NMN is the strongest in the category — the Washington University insulin sensitivity result and the Keio walking speed/grip strength result are the kind of physiologically meaningful outcomes that justify a supplement existing. Second, the delivery technology problem (NMN being a larger molecule than NR) has been largely solved by liposomal formulations. Our Elite formula uses LipoAvail™ to encapsulate the NMN molecule in a lipid shell that protects it through the digestive tract. Third, the Uthever® supply chain — the branded form of NMN used in most of the published studies — is well-established and pharmaceutical-grade. We can verify what's in our bottles. None of this means NR is a bad choice. It's a credible choice. We just thought the NMN story was stronger as the foundation of a longevity range. Frequently asked questions Can I switch from NR to NMN, or vice versa? Yes. Both raise NAD+ via the same downstream pathway. There's no withdrawal effect, no need to taper. If you've been taking one and want to try the other, just switch. Should I take NMN and NR together? There's no evidence this is meaningfully better than either alone. It's expensive and probably unnecessary. Is NMN better absorbed sublingually or as a capsule? Sublingual NMN bypasses some digestive degradation, which is theoretically better, but the trade-off is taste and inconvenience. Liposomal capsules (like our Elite formula) achieve similar absorption gains without the taste problem. Which is cheaper per gram? Generic NR (non-Niagen) tends to be slightly cheaper than generic NMN per gram. Branded versions (Niagen NR, Uthever® NMN) are roughly comparable. Has anyone done a direct NMN vs NR head-to-head trial? A few small studies have attempted direct comparisons, but the field is still waiting for a well-powered head-to-head trial. The current evidence is mostly indirect. Is NMN or NR legal in the UK? Both are legal in the UK as food supplements. Neither has an authorised health claim on the GB NHC Register, so no brand can market either as treating, preventing, or curing disease. What to do next If you've read this far, you're in the small minority of people who actually research their supplements rather than buying based on Instagram ads. That's a good instinct. If you've decided NMN is for you, we make two: Ivvion NMN Essential — clinical-trial-dose NMN using Uthever® raw material. Best starting point if you've never taken NMN before. Ivvion NMN Elite — higher-strength NMN with LipoAvail™ liposomal delivery. Best if you've taken NMN before or you want maximum absorption. Both backed by a 30-day money-back guarantee. £10 off your first bottle with code WELCOME10. If you've decided NR is for you, look at brands that use Niagen as the raw material rather than unbranded NR — you'll get a verifiable supply chain.  

If you have spent any time comparing NMN supplements, you will have seen the word bioavailability on almost every label. Some brands claim three times the absorption. Some claim ten. A few claim ninety per cent. The honest answer is more careful than any of those numbers. This guide explains what bioavailability means in the context of NMN, what the published research has actually measured, and how to read a product label without getting drawn in by figures that were never designed to describe an oral supplement. We sell both a standard NMN (Ivvion Essential) and a liposomal NMN (Ivvion Elite), and we will tell you plainly where the evidence is strong and where it is still being built. What "bioavailability" means Bioavailability is the percentage of an ingested compound that reaches the bloodstream in an active form. A vitamin C tablet might have a bioavailability of 30–40% — the rest is broken down, excreted, or never absorbed. For NMN, the same logic applies: how much of the molecule that you swallow ends up circulating in your body. Bioavailability is shaped by three things: Whether the digestive process breaks the molecule down before absorption. Whether the gut wall can transport the molecule efficiently. Whether liver metabolism removes the molecule before it can circulate (the "first-pass" effect). The point of any specialised delivery format — sublingual tablets, liposomes, time-release capsules — is to influence one of those three steps. How NMN is absorbed NMN is a small water-soluble molecule. Published pharmacokinetic studies in humans have shown that orally administered NMN appears in blood plasma within minutes of ingestion, and is then converted to NAD+ inside cells. That is meaningful: it tells us standard, unencapsulated NMN does reach the bloodstream after oral administration. The research base that supports NMN as a category — the human trials people cite when they explain why NMN is interesting — was built almost entirely on standard NMN powder in capsule form, not on specialised delivery systems. That is the first thing to understand. The evidence that NMN reaches circulation when taken orally exists. The question of whether one delivery format reaches circulation better than another is separate, and the answer is less settled. The four common NMN delivery formats 1. Powder in a capsule. The standard format. The capsule dissolves in the stomach, the powder mixes with gastric contents, and absorption happens primarily in the small intestine. This is the form used in almost all published NMN human trials. 2. Loose powder (sublingual or in water). Some users place NMN powder under the tongue, believing it absorbs through the oral mucosa. The theoretical case is reasonable — sublingual absorption bypasses the digestive tract — but the published research on sublingual NMN specifically is thin, and the time the powder needs to sit under the tongue is longer than most people realise. 3. Liposomal NMN. The NMN molecule is encased in a tiny phospholipid bubble (a liposome). The theory: the liposome protects NMN from stomach acid and digestive enzymes, and merges with cell membranes to deliver its contents more directly. Liposomal delivery is well established for some compounds (vitamin C, glutathione). For NMN specifically, the human pharmacokinetic data is limited and the absorption advantage often quoted on labels is extrapolated from related research, not measured directly in published peer-reviewed NMN-specific human trials at the time of writing. 4. Sublingual lozenge or tablet. Designed to dissolve slowly in the mouth. Same theoretical basis as loose powder under the tongue, but easier to use. Again, the published research base is small. Where the "10x bioavailability" claims come from — and why we don't make them You will see labels that claim 80%, 90%, even 95% bioavailability for liposomal supplements. Those figures are almost always borrowed from IV drug delivery studies for entirely different compounds. They were not measured for oral NMN. Carrying them across to a food supplement label is, at best, sloppy. At worst it is misleading. The fairer framing is this: liposomal delivery has a plausible mechanism for improving absorption of certain molecules, and for NMN specifically the formal evidence is still being built. We think the theory is interesting enough to offer a liposomal option (Ivvion Elite), but we will not put a number on the label that the research does not support. How to compare NMN products without being misled Five practical filters when you read a label: Look for the actual NMN dose, not just "complex" weights. A 1,000 mg "blend" can contain anything. The dose that matters is the NMN itself. Ignore percentage claims that don't cite the study. Real pharmacokinetic data is publishable and citable. If a brand can't tell you which study a "5x absorption" claim comes from, treat the number as marketing. Look for third-party purity testing. Some early NMN products tested below the dose on their label. Reputable brands publish Certificates of Analysis. Check the form of NMN. Beta-NMN is the active form. Some cheap powders are racemic mixes that include the inactive enantiomer. Read the small print on shipping and storage. Liposomes can be temperature-sensitive. Powders can be moisture-sensitive. A great formulation that arrives damaged is no better than a mediocre one. The Ivvion approach We make two NMN products on purpose. Ivvion Essential is a 500 mg/day standard NMN capsule, made with pharmaceutical-grade beta-NMN, third-party tested, and priced to make daily use practical. It is the form the published NMN research has been built on. For most people starting NMN it is the sensible choice. Ivvion Elite is a 1,000 mg/day liposomal NMN, formulated for users who want the higher dose and the liposomal delivery format. We do not put a multiplier number on the label. We tell you what it is and let you decide. FAQ Is liposomal NMN definitely better absorbed?Not definitely. The mechanism is plausible. The peer-reviewed human pharmacokinetic data comparing liposomal and standard NMN head-to-head is limited at the time of writing. Does that mean liposomal is a marketing gimmick?No. It means the evidence is still being built. We think it is interesting enough to make a high-quality liposomal product available. We are not willing to put a fabricated percentage on the label. Does sublingual NMN work better than swallowed NMN?Theoretically, possibly. In practice, the powder needs to sit under your tongue for several minutes, and many people swallow it long before that happens. The convenience of a capsule is part of why most published research uses capsules. Will NMN survive my stomach acid?Some NMN is degraded in the digestive tract. Published research shows that meaningful quantities still reach circulation when taken as a standard oral dose. Food supplement. Not a medicine. Does not diagnose, treat, cure or prevent any disease. Speak to your GP if you take prescription medication or have a medical condition.